The character of the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The character of the 21st century - Essay Example If the previous century gave birth to many companies, institutions, and allies, it also gave birth to several conflicts, rivalries and mass destruction. Will the 21st century serve as a continuation of the violence and sufferings of the previous 100 years or will it be a dawn of a better world that awaits children of the future generation? The United States of America (USA) has proven in the 20th century that they are the dominating force. It made the country and its colonies in some kind of untouchable stature. There is that sense of pride and supremacy that envelope the whole state even its name. It is an undeniable fact that if there is a force that any unstable country would like to be in alliance with it will be the USA (Walt 6-7). Yet as it has been stated in the 2002 movie Spiderman, Peter Parker expressed a realization that can be applied with the existing American Force, â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility.† Such power became a liability for the whole st ate. As they gained more allies, they also gained more rivals. The United States have been the answer to the prayers of those who were being traumatized by the Second World War. They were the saving power against those who were unfurling terror in different countries and continents. However, what will happen if this very powerful force be attacked on its very own territory? This was the event that happened during the first decade of the 21st century. With the heroic acts that the United States showcased during the previous century, they have exhibited the greatest human relation that any other country has showed towards their fellows. What is human relations? According to Jackson (p. 2): â€Å"human relations involve people other than ourselves, who are never anything less than human and must always be treated accordingly. These others may be individuals or they may be groups, perhaps organized as independent nations or states, which have long been the preeminent political formatio ns of world affairs.† Human relation became the strongest weapon of the United States in their aim to gain worldwide power and influence. However, there are states that had different perspective against the US. For these states to prove other countries that the United States is not as powerful as they seem, â€Å"terrorists† attacked the heart of the US’ economy and defense without the country’s people and leaders knowing what is awaiting them. Many Americans were killed during the attack and the once strong, powerful and untouchable stature was replaced by a helpless, fragile and vulnerable America. Though human relations was been perfected by the state throughout the past century, it was not a guarantee that all nations will be an ally to them. If there was one thing that the September 11 Attack has given the state that would be fear. With such stature that the United States had in International Relation (IR), it brought not just the whole state but the whole world in shock with all the events that have happened within the territory of the most powerful nation known worldwide. As noted by Robert Jervis (cited by Tang 2008): â€Å"[Fear] once aroused as a function of uncertainty about others’ intentions, can acquire a life of its own and become a powerful driver of the security dilemma and spiral. Fear †¦ leads a state to discount another state’ conciliatory gestures and adopt unnecessary hard-lined policies. As such, a spiral

Youth and Sports Essay Example for Free

Youth and Sports Essay Raising children in today’s society is not for the faint of heart. Raising children has never been easy, but it is especially difficult in youth sports today. Coaches and parents are putting a lot of pressure on our young sons and daughters. The pressure to succeed in sports at such a young age is taking the fun out of the sport by making it all about winning. A Personal Perspective My own interaction in youth sports has been many: As a parent, participant and an observer. My experiences as a child in youth sports were mostly positive. In my early days of sports in school, all children were encouraged to play for their school, skill level did not matter. There were no tryouts and no one got cut. We all were equal no matter what our overall ability. Sports were an enjoyable competition between schools and were simply for fun. I remember playing on my elementary schools basketball team. My coach was the school science teacher and my teammates were my friends and classmates. Our practices would be right after school and we would only practice for one hour. I remember the practices as an extended gym class. We would just run around, laugh, have fun and learn a few plays. I do not ever recall a coach yelling at me when I made a mistake or made a bad play. I remember the coach saying, â€Å"that’s ok, shake it off, you’ll get it next time. † I never worried about being pulled from a game if I made a mistake. We all played our fair share. We played the game as a game, with an opportunity to learn skills, compete, increase confidence, and have fun, we were able to go with the flow, relax and play for the sake of playing. Even our parents back then would just sit and enjoy the game. They didn’t yell at us to run faster or play harder. They didn’t even yell at the referee for making a bad call. I remember my parents telling me before every game, â€Å"Have fun and do the best you can† and after the game no matter how I played they would say, â€Å"You played a great game†. They always asked me if I had a fun time playing. I always did. I didn’t remember the losses. I remember playing with my friends and laughing about how bad we played some days. It seems like in youth sports today, the emphasis is no longer on developing skills through competition, with others and with yourself, but on the win-loss record, points scored, etc. Youth sports are run by adults. Adults tend to focus on the wins. When an adult arrives at end of the game, as the kids come off the field or court, what are the first words out of their mouth? Its usually Who won? or Did you score any points, get any hits, etc.? The children, meanwhile, are talking about whose mom brings the biggest candy bars for snacks! If, we as adults, teach our kids to focus on the winning, scoring, and scholarships, rather than skill improvement and having fun than mistakes or losses are not seen as opportunities to learn, but as occasions of failure and are to be avoided at all cost. If children think only in terms of winning, the pressure is on. Over the years I have seen how the youth programs are turning. Burned-out teenage athletes, coach-parent conflicts and abusive parents are indicators of a deep and continuing problem in youth sports. Youth sports programs have become the focal point of many families. The increased interest in sports over the past two decades have promoted the increased promotion of these programs, as well as developed interest on the part of parents to encourage participation by their children. It is disturbing to look behind the facade and to realize that children participating in organized sports are often pressured; they feel the pressure to fit in; they worry that they will only fit in if they are athletically talented; they feel the pressure that they need to win, to please their parents and coaches. Children develop their sense of fair play and their perceptions of ethical behavior in part within the context of these programs. These programs can also make a significant impact on the development of a childs self- perception, self-esteem and emotional health. If the messages displayed by adults in reference to the sporting events have a decidedly negative tone, the impact of youth sports programs on the emotional development of children will not have positive outcomes. There are a number of factors that can impact the influences of organized youth sports programs on the participants, and studies have shown that the results of the full picture of youth sports is not always a positive one. Some of the influencing factors include: the participation of parents in youth sports programs, the suggestion by coaches, parents and observers that winning is more important than the game itself, and the nature of sports, that lends itself to competitive and aggressive behavior. It is difficult to develop a concrete perspective about the impacts of youth sports programs without considering these influences. A Child’s Perspective Many children simply want to participate in sports programs to have fun, have a recreational activity and work together with friends towards a common goal (Kohl and Nelson, 1990). It has been recognized that competition can foster mistrust between children, when winning serves to dismiss losers, creates envy of the winners and leads children away from the focus of the game (Kohn and Nelson, 1990). It is also clear that the pressure that parents place on their children to compete and win creates its own set of inherent psychological dilemmas. Pressure to play on an elite team is an issue that should really boil down to what your child wants. A parent needs to read the signs indicating that a child wants to be on an elite team. If a child needs prodding to get ready and go to practice, the child who consistently does not want to go may not be suited for an elite team. Sometimes, the kids who complain about doing things outside their comfort zone just need a little push to discover they enjoy whatever it is they are so adamantly opposed to doing. But, after a season of being on an elite team, it should be apparent whether or not the child wants to continue with the sport at a higher level. I always make it clear to my son that he can play whatever sport he wants and at whatever level he wants. In his fifth year of hockey, he decided that he didn’t want to continue to play travel hockey despite his obvious skill level and the prodding of several teams trying to convince him that he â€Å"needed† to continue or he would fall behind. We laughed about the coaches who had told him this. I asked, â€Å"fall behind in what? † I had never been a parent who thought my son was going to be a professional hockey player. My goal was to involve him in sports that he enjoys and that would allow him to grow and experience the life lessons that sports can teach. At that point he loved hockey, but just didn’t want to have it take up so much of his social time. The following year the travel hockey flame was rekindled and he was more enthusiastic than he had ever been about playing. He still loves the game, and despite the fact I really believed he may be able to play at a collegiate level if he really wants to put in the work, he plays for fun and most likely will play for the rest of his life. The bottom line is, a family should not be pressured into anything, especially when it comes to their children. Ultimately, our children should have the biggest say in what they want to be involved in and at what level. Children who have been pressured by their parents in youth sports activities often display increased amounts of anxiety along with an increased level of awareness about the importance of the game (Weider, 1993). In other words, one child may be able to perceive the game as simply a game, but another child, under increased pressure from his parents, may only be able to relate to the game in terms of the amount of pressure created. This difference in perceptions puts children against each other; the children most likely to succeed and win the game are those who are least prepared to deal with any other option. It creates a scary reality for those children who perceive that they are unbeatable, but also are beaten by another team. When childrens self perceptions are directly related to their ability to win, there is clearly evidence that their inabilities then feed their lowered self-perceptions (Kantrowitz, 1996). A Coach’s Perspective and Its Unintended Effects Coaches are also putting negative pressure on our young athletes and not even realizing it through their approach and attitude towards kids. A coach’s words may carry a different message to the child hearing them than to the coach who is saying them. It is easy for a coach to phrase things in ways that are a lot harsher then they intend. Here are a couple of phrases that tend to have a negative impact on a child: â€Å"what’s wrong with you today? † â€Å"Why can’t you play like your brother? † â€Å"How long have you been playing this sport? † â€Å"Did your dad teach you that? and the list goes on and on. Here is an example of how a coach making a comment to a young athlete has a negative impact. My nephew was in his first year of football. He was nine years old and small for his age. They only had a few games left. But at practice one night the coach grabbed my nephews face mask and said â€Å"is that the best you can do? † What had happened was he had missed a tackle. My nephew interpreted that saying as, â€Å"you’re too small, bigger kids would have made that tackle. † What the coach should have said was, â€Å"you need to move quicker to have an impact during the play. A Parent’s Perspective and Its Unintended Results How does a parent know when theyre over-doing it from the sidelines? One thing that has helped a lot of parents and coaches supporting athletes is an understanding of their roles. In fact theres a push by several national organizations to know your role. Youre an athlete, coach, official, or a fan pick one then support and respect the others. (Koehler, Your Kids Sports). There are some theorists who even believe that these youth sports programs that focus on winning or losing are dangerous (Leo, 1993). Children of parents who push them in sporting events often feel they cannot ever lose because of their parents’ expectations. This process of parental control and the childs self-perception can lead to humiliation and despair (Leo, 1993).? Here is an example of parental pressure on a young athlete to win. At one of my son’s youth hockey games I observed a father berating his son after a game. The boy had had a breakaway shot with only a few seconds left in a hockey game. The young athlete skated up to the net and fired a rocket of a shot. It was a really hard shot, and it barely missed the net. Needless to say the game was over and it ended in a tie. The father ran down to the ice and waited for his son to skate off to the locker room. As the boy came off the ice the father pulled him aside and started yelling at him in front of the other players and parents. The father continued to tell the boy how lousy of a player he was and that anyone else on the team would have made the shot. This went on for about three minutes, until the boy trying to hold back his tears slumbered into the locker room. This is a perfect example of the parent putting the pressure on his son to be better than he is capable of being and winning is everything. A Society’s Perspective Most of the current literature on children and sports develops around the theory that children are negatively impacted by the competitive nature of sports programs in conjunction with the influence of observers, coaches and parents. Little League, in particular, has been the focus of a number of studies into the impact of the program on the social and emotional development of the children involved. Though Little League has been touted as a sport focused on fun for children, the competition pushed on children by the parent’s expectations turns potentially healthy fun into competitive battles pitting friend against friend (Verdi, 1990). Though the basic premise of youth sports is to encourage the enjoyment of sports activities, the focus on winning has reshaped the program (Rosen, 1996). Team sports can also be a great experience. Kids get to improve their skills and feel that team spirit as they work together toward a common goal. If youve had a bad experience with a team, maybe its time to try a new sport or a new league. Some leagues and programs emphasize skill building over competition. Many of the programs developed encourage healthy levels of competitive and cooperative behavior, help children develop a sense of fair play, and help children find self-esteem by rewarding physical activities. Programs like Little League have been recognized as a stepping-stone in the development of major baseball players, as well as presidents and successful business people. The competitive nature of sports does not necessarily mean that children will develop unhealthy asocial competitive behaviors. Over the past 30 years, a basic outline of the rules of sports competition, even as they refer to youth sports programs, has been widely accepted by coaches, parents and sports supporters in general. These rules include basic precepts like: team matters more than the individual; achievement comes from preparation, not fun; control calm under pressure, and perseverance are the necessary to win the game; criticism is more valuable than praise (Rosen, 1996). With guidelines like these as the basics for youth sports, it is no wonder that parents and players have learned that the game is more significant than the process or lessons learned while playing. ? Many people believe that one of the most valuable lessons developed from youth sports is the development of a conceptualization of fair play, in a way that young children can perceive and apply. Though the basic definition of fair play suggests justice applied to interpersonal actions, it takes on a slightly different and more specific outline when considered in terms of youth sports programs (Covrig, 1996). Fair play has been described as a very lofty set of virtues, including things like: truthfulness, self-respect, consideration for others, self-control, courage, courtesy, as well as fairness (Covrig, 1996). With these virtues as the basis, one would be led to believe that any child participating in a youth program that claims a focus on fair play could do nothing but benefit from these programs. But one of the major discrepancies in youth sports exists in the difference between the message and the messenger. Though fair play is a major focus of the premise for youth sports, the individual who create, develop and coach these programs do not often embrace these virtues in practice (Covrig, 1996).? In the same respect, parents who hope to develop a sense of fair play in their children by encouraging their participation in sports frequently display behaviors that do not reflect the same virtues. The major problem with this situation is that parents often impose the expectations relative to adult competitive sports on their children, who have not yet learned to embrace the American idealization of winning (Martin, 1986). This transference of parental expectations onto their children can result in a number of damaging psychological problems, including: burnout, injury, and feelings of rejections, causing lowered self- esteem, when children cannot meet the expectations of their parents (Martin, 1986). With over a million children participating in a wide variety of programs, the success of youth athletics cannot be attributed only to the enthusiasm of parents. Children, too, must perceive benefits of the programs in order for retention levels to be as high as they are (Rumpf 1992). Children, who can compete fairly, congratulate the winners with sincerity and accept victory with grace benefit from the structure and the healthy competition created within these programs (Rumpf, 1992). The most significant problems occur not because of the structure of the games, the programs developed or the basic ideals behind youth sports programs. Instead, it is clear that the disastrous effects of youth sports programs come as a result of the interaction between children, parents and coaches (Rumpf, 1992). The literature studies supports the thesis that youth sports programs can negatively impact the development of children in respect to self-esteem, self-perceptions and emotional health, though it is also clear that the impact has a direct relationship to adult interactions. Though the programs developed often support fair play and healthy competitiveness, the expectations of parents, coaches and spectators often transform seemingly friendly games into competitive battles with little respect for teammates and other players. Children who can succeed within these programs do so with the help of coaches and parents who do not impose difficult, if not impossible expectations on their childrens participation. Examining Our Perspectives Yet at what price does success come? Out of 19,000 young athletes, about 356 children will get a scholarship. Out of all those kids, only four will go pro. † (Koehler, Your Kids Sports). We just love it. Its our social life. We just love sports. And whats not to love, after all, more youth leagues are catering to the elite athlete, where winning and rankings are top priority and championships and scholarships are all the talk. I understand wanting your child to do well. College is expensive and it might seem like a full tuition sports scholarship is the way to go. However, there is a psychological price that the young athlete may pay. In order to realize the most benefits from these programs, parents must recognize the impact of their personal expectations on their childrens emotional stability. There is way too much pressure today on children. I think most parents who involve their children in several activities have forgotten how great it was to sit outside during a summer day and read a book or just daydream. Someday when these children are adults, they are not going to know how to use their imaginations, occupy themselves in a constructive manner, or just how to have fun. Are we teaching our children at a young age how to have a nervous breakdown? What happened to just playing a sport for fun? I remember when I was a kid, after school or during the summer. I would just walk out the back door, grab a baseball bat or a hockey stick and I headed out to the street or to the neighborhood park to find my brothers or other kids from the neighborhood to play with. We played for hours with no uniforms, no refs, no parents on the sidelines. Sure, I wanted to win. We all did. But if we didn’t it wasn’t the end of the world. The pressure to succeed in sports today is taking the fun out of the sport by making it all about winning.

Commitment to Students and Student Learning

Commitment to Students and Student Learning 1. Commitment to Students and Student Learning: The OCT members are dedicated to demonstrating care, showing empathy and passion to students They are committed to students by striving to understand each student and his needs and his abilities which inform the teaching planning. They also promote diversity inside and outside the classroom to reinforce positive learning Members show respect and equitably to students to enhance learning by provide enabling environment where students feel valued, free to share ideas and contributions. Members encourage students to make choice and have access in the classroom which is vital to modeling fairness and equity They facilitate students growth by striving to improve learning facilities and classroom environment. Members identify students interest and their strengths in order to help them develop their learning Members are sensitive to the needs of students by knowing what to promote in students, skills they need to use and how to motivate students learning using differentiated instructions. Students are able to use their skills to contribute to the development of the communities. 2. Professional Knowledge Descriptors: Striving and to be current: It is very important for OCT member to update their professional knowledge and stay current in their practice. There are so many on training programs through the Board or the Ontario College which are eligible to members for them to upgrade their knowledge. When teachers are current knowledge, it improves their practice and they can easily provide first hand information to their student. Understanding and reflecting students development, learning theory, pedagogy, curriculum, ethics, educational research and related policies and legislation: This involve that the teacher must a better understanding of his subject, learning theory, pedagogy, curriculum, professional ethics, educational research and related policies and legislation. The teacher must also understand the student as a whole person with abilities, weaknesses, strengths, perspectives and specific needs. It is essential for a teacher to reflect on a students learning development and identify how to improve development. 3. Professional Practice Descriptors: Application of professional knowledge and experience: Teachers are expected to apply their professional knowledge to teaching practice by mastering the curriculum and pedagogy to promote students learning, professional knowledge is very vital and it is the back bone of teaching. Also an adage says experience is the best teacher the more experienced a teacher is the better he is able to apply a professional experience to different situations that promote positive learning. Appropriate planning and method: It necessary for every teacher in a professional practice to enhance student learning by using the appropriate pedagogy, carry out assessment and evaluation, use various resources and technology to meet the learning needs of every child. Response to individual needs: In professional practice teachers need to understand each student and their individual learning needs, this will assist the teacher to respond to the needs of the student by using various professional teaching method and planning to meet that needs. . Refine professional practice: All teachers should be reflective practitioners. It is mandatory for all members to improve on their professional practice through on going inquiry, dialogue and reflection. This will assist teachers to discover new ways of doing things better. 4. Leadership in Learning Communities Descriptors: Creation of collaborative and supportive learning communities: Teachers should collectively work together as a team to undertake activities that will support students learning. They should also work together with parents to provide support for learning community. They should reflect on their activities in order to improve students performance. Shared responsibility and leadership role: Members should understand the vision of the school and their responsibilities into making it effective , however, they should not only be involved in the process of developing shared vision but make is a responsibility to use the vision as a guide post in making decision about teaching and learning in the school. Maintain and uphold ethical standard: Teachers should continue to show integrity, trust in learning communities. They should maintain the moral principles of professional ethics by which they set themselves as role model to students, parents and the community in general 5. Ongoing Professional Learning Descriptors: Commitment to professional learning: Ongoing professional training is an effective tool in discharging teaching practice and improving students learning. Teacher should continue to develop their professional knowledge by reading, carrying out research and reflect on experience. Identify interesting/controversial phrases in each of domain. 1. Commitment to student and student learning Dedicated in their care and commitment to student learning interesting 2. Professional Knowledge. Strive to be current and recognize its relationship to practice 3. Professional Practice Refine their professional practice Apply professional knowledge and experience 4. Leadership in Learning Communities Promote and participate in the creation of collective, safe and supportive learning communities controversial 5. Ongoing Professional Learning Recognize that a commitment to ongoing professional learning is integral to effective practice and to student learning interesting

Stanlislovskis System: Concepts On Acting :: essays research papers

Stanlislovski's System: Concepts on Acting The Elements of Style, as described by Sonia More in her simplified view of the Stanlislavski System, are clear rudimentary concepts designed to help actors achieve a profound and truthful portrayal of their character on the stage through personal connection with their character. These concepts are designed as tools for the actor so that he may connect to a character or situation on the stage that he otherwise would not be able to connect with. As Sonia Moore put it, Stanlislovski knew that an actor's mind, will, and emotions must participate in the creation of a live human being on the stage. He also understood that it is impossible for people to turn their thoughts and emotions on and off as if by a switch. He also knew that no actor coming on stage without any reason for experiencing emotions would be unable to do so without some connection, or bridge, to the personal and emotional response of their character. So Stanlislovski designed tool for the actor to use to help him connect with the emotional and physical world of his character. Such concepts as The Magic If is a clear example of a tool an actor could use to connect himself the life of the character. The Magic If, simply guides the actor to ask the simple question: "What would I do if I were in my character position?" By asking this question of himself the actor can personalize the given circumstances of the character. The situation of the character becomes more personal, and the stakes much higher, because the actor has divulged some particular issues of himself into the character. Due to these particularities the actor will work out the given circumstance of the character in a much more truthful manner. Even in acting the old saying goes: "You cannot really know someone until you walk a mile in their shoes." This concept of The Magic If also plays a big part in another Element of Action -Imagination. Imagination is another tool that allows the actor to build a substantial relationship with his character by creating the very universe in which his character resides. Through this artistic imagination the actor can create the past, present, and future of the character. The actor, in essence, could play God wherein the character is concerned apart from given circumstances or the circumstances that exist within the play. This artistic imagination is being used to give thoughts and feeling to the character being portrayed by simply infusing honesty and truthfulness into the actor's performance. There are other Element's of Actions that guide the actor to form

A brief History about football Essay

Argyle has 69 sponsors this season that all helps the club in one way or another by sponsoring them money witch helps the everyday running of the club from security to help pay the team wages and transport to away games and keeping home park looking clean and tidy. scale and econmic importance Plymouth Argyle is of a great econmic importance to the city of Plymouth, the scale of with is involving people with jobs locally within the club to helping company sponsors like ginsters who takes on more staff as need to keep up with demans and getting their lines of food to the ground on time. There is many people that benifit from the club like on match days there is over fifty security staff working keeping everyone safe,also catering staff selling the drinks and food threw out the game and staff taking tickets and money on the turnstiles leading up to the game. When the football season starts Plymouyh Argyle helps bring money into Plymouth and everyone locally benifits from this as every home game, home and away fans travel to Plymouth some spending the nite or more others just spending the day in Plymouth but during the duration of their visit they will spend money in our shops,pubs,clubs,food outlets and other places. Role of education in the sport Plymouth Argyle play a big role locally to show people from all walks of life that there is plenty of jobs at a football club even if u can’t play football, from being a cleaner or doing ground maintenance all the way up to being a member on the board. there are plenty of opportunies of all different kinds of jobs that may interest people to getting involved with there local team. Plymouth Argyle runs many different kinds of clubs to educate people with day to day running that happens at the club. They ran a programme last year called kick off that helped people get back on track in life and do good and give a little back to the community. During this programme they taught them basic computer skills, built their confidence up and taught them other skills that may help them get a job in the future and keep out of trouble and not go back to old addictions. Plymouth Argyle also educates children and adults on why they should keep to a healthy diet and the positives they will get from it, and why junk food is no good for them in many ways. Influence from media and sponsorship P1. 5. There is lots of influence from media to do with Plymouth Argyle. It can be good our bad for the club or the person or players involved, for example our local newspaper the herald does a write up about the club and how they did or what’s going on. It can be good to attracts people to come watch the teams next home game when the team is doing good or they have signed new players but it also has its down side when the team is not doing as good as expected and negative things are put in the paper or they get on at one player. Plymouth argyle has there own website run by the fans for the fans where they can get all the latest gossip speak to other people online watch clips of the latest games and managers comments on how the team preformed last. This site is also first to get any breaking news to do with Plymouth argyle. Televised games has a big influence on the income profit for the club each season so the better the team does in the cup and the league the more chance there is to be televised by either sky sports or bbc what pays for the rights to televise the teams and helps both teams that our playing out and they get better national publicity and also get paid for there team being televised. Plymouth Argyle has over 70 sponsors this season including coca cola who sponsors the league that Argyle plays in. The money that the sponsors pay to sponsors Plymouth Argyle gets used in many different ways from helping with the everyday running of the club to team transport, players wages, ground maintenance, and better facilities within the club for the fans and the players. The sponsors get a board around the ground advertising there company and some times get a mention at half time and some times get a few free tickets to a selected home game. p3. Employment Plymouth Argyle has many people employed behind the scenes that helps keep the club day to day running run smoothly. There is over 70 members of staff that do there part thought-out the week without including the squad of players and the extra staff that is needed for the home games like security, police, catering staff and turnstile staff. Here our a few of the names and the job that they do for Plymouth argyle football club. Paul Stapleton who is the chairman, Robert Dennerly who is the vice chairman, Tony Wrathall & Phill Gill who are directors, Michael Dunford who is chief executive, Ian Holloway who is team manager. All these People and many more play important roles within Plymouth Argyle football club. Without each Person playing there role then the club would not run smoothly and would struggle. p. 3. 4 Level of participants Plymouth Argyle play there football in the second tier of English football know now as the coca cola championship, it use to be known as the first division until coca cola sponsored the old division one ,two and three changing the name of all three leagues. Plymouth Argyle is a well established team within the championship with this being there third season and been playing there football in the coca cola championship since it changed its name from division 1. Plymouth Argyles best position in the league and in the clubs history was last year where they ended up finishing 11th in the table. Financial turnover of the club. Here below is a table showing how the club as developed financially since 1994, and how the club itself as made a high percentage in profits and is still climbing. (www. footballeconomy. com/stats2/eng_plymouth. htm)

English Literature Coursework

English Literature Coursework English Literature Coursework English literature is full of wonders and interesting facts. If you choose to work on this topic, you will have to work hard, but it will not leave you indifferent. The fact that it is an important step is based on the figures - English literature coursework makes 30% of the grade which a student receives for the course on English literature. Writing English literature coursework means to work hard on the class assignments, certain materials, topics, describing the main genres, styles and other aspects. To write an excellent English literature coursework you should: think critically to provide a good analysis; make a composition logical and in accordance to format requirements; find such an approach to the study which requires critical thinking skills. You may use following tips for English literature coursework: You will work on the paper faster and more efficiently if you choose a topic which is interesting for you. When you must find information for your English literature coursework, it means I will do it tomorrow and Why do I have a low grade?. But when you want to find more facts and information, it is only Yes, I have done it!. Next point which you will never forget is deadline. You must write and hand in your English literature coursework by the specified time, otherwise, your grade will be shared on as many pieces as many faults you have done during writing. Your schedule of writing on the paper should be based on your own preferences and energy. To do everything to write a coursework does not mean to do anything 3 months and then to write a whole paper overnight. No, you can work at night or in the morning, you can write in the bus or in the caf, you can ask for an advice from a passerby or think out a special offer do everything that makes sense and you will do a step on the right way. Do not ignore your class notes; maybe the instructor has given certain rules or hints which will be useful for you in the process of writing. And be attentive while editing it is also an important stage in the writing process, for a student does not give attention to the parts he or she counts perfect. Do not overestimate yourself. Do not be afraid of speaking with your advisor it can be a good choice, especially if you do not know how to start your work or choose the topic. Advantages and disadvantages of the writing English literature coursework can be thought out by you, but you can make your paper excellent. Do it! If you cannot trust yourself in dealing with time, literature material or original thought, you can always ask us for professional help with English coursework writing: Relatedposts: Sample Papers Report Writing Help Process Analysis Case Study Merchant of Venice Critical Essay Little Prince Reaction Paper

The Rise of the Bric Economies Essays

The Rise of the Bric Economies Essays The Rise of the Bric Economies Paper The Rise of the Bric Economies Paper Question 1: BRIC economies – a critical overview Part 1: New emerging markets and BRIC. Over the last decade there have been significant changes to the world economy and the way once traditional Multinational corporations do business. This has been primarily due to the rise of new markets, particularly the BRIC economies. â€Å"The greatest effect of globalization is the shifting of the worlds wealth centers. Former developing countries are rapidly becoming richer through their use of natural resources, labour forces, and industrialization. An essay published by Goldman Sachs identified the core leaders in this category as Brazil, Russia, India, and China, and subsequently coined the term BRICs. Europe soon realized the vital necessity of building bridges with these emerging economic powers. Portugal saw an opportunity to utilize its historic and cultural ties with Brazil to bolster a strategic partnership with the EU. † (Building Bridges to the BRICs, Africa on the Agenda. Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Mar/Apr2008, Vol. 87, Issue 2). New emerging markets like Thailand, the Czech Republic, and Poland along with many others are now a source for potentially attractive investments. CEO, Cordiant Capital Inc. , David. G. Creighton said â€Å"While we have seen many countries develop fairly quickly over the last fifteen years, including the Czech Republic, Poland, Thailand and Mexico, there are a number of others that, for a variety of reasons, are lagging behind. We continue to find attractive opportunities in Russia and Latin America and are now beginning to engage with the next wave of countries in such places as El Salvador, Bulgaria and Kazakhstan. It’s all about finding the right risk/return profile. † (The New Emerging Markets by Benefits Canada, 2007; benefitscanada. com/pdfs/Reports_TheNewEmergingMarkets. pdf;) New emerging markets, especially the BRIC economies, have been on the rise in terms of industrialization and Gross domestic product growth particularly in the service sectors. To further observe the rise of new emerging markets, specifically BRIC economies the table below shows the top 20 economies for the years 1995, 2001, 2003 and 2006: Table : Top 20 Economies Position1995200120032006 USAUSAUSAUSA 2JapanJapanJapanJapan 3GermanyGermanyGermanyGermany 4FranceFranceUKChina 5ItalyUKFranceChina 6UKItalyChinaUK 7BrazilChinaItalyFrance 8CanadaBrazilCanadaItaly 9ChinaCanadaMexicoCanada 10SpainSpainSpainSpain 11MexicoIndiaIndiaBrazil 12RussiaMexicoBrazilRussian Fed 13South KoreaKorea, RepSouth KoreaIndia 14AustraliaNetherlandsNetherlandsKorea Rep. 15NetherlandsAustraliaAustraliaMexico 16IndiaRussian Fed. Russia Australia 17ArgentinaArgentinaSwitzerlandNetherlands 18SwitzerlandSwitzerlandBelgiumTurkey 19BelgiumBelgiumSwedenBelgium 20AustriaSwedenAustriaSweden Based on World Bank development reports, these rankings show the emergence of new markets as well as the growth and development of BRIC economies. In the report titled â€Å"Dreaming with BRIC’s : The path to 2050† (Goldman Sacs, 2003), the assumption is made that in a period of less than 40 years the BRIC economies could be larger than the combined G6 nations in terms of US dollars. Furthermore, the report states that the BRIC countries alone are worth about 15 % of the G6 nations. This alone would indicate the expected levels of growth from emerging markets, specifically Brazil, Russia, India and China. To further understand the emergence of these markets, we must look at the various social and economic factors that transformed these once developing economies to emerging markets with a strong global presence. Prahlad and Lieberthal (The end of corporate imperialism, 1998) postulate that the emerging middle class as an market force has actually led to significant growth in the BRIC countries. A â€Å"product hungry† consumer and a growing purchasing power has transformed once developing countries to emerging global markets. They further go on to say that consumers are rapidly changing their tastes and choices of products. To quote â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Indian consumers tried on an average 6. 2 brands of the same packaged good product in one year, compared with 2. 0 of Americans consumers. † Among all the emerging markets, China has always has a strong manufacturing presence globally and is poised to overtake German manufacturing capabilities by the year in the not-so-distant future. Natural resources and labour have naturally been a source of FDI for emerging markets, since China and India alone account for about 33% of the world population. Russia and Brazil, with its natural resources have turned their once developing economies into strong emerging markets. The emergence of these markets as global players have been accounted to factors like increased levels of privatisation due to disinvestments by PSU’s, Technology up gradations, increased levels of skilled labour and liberalization of trade restrictions. In India, for example, had a BPO industry worth about $5. 7 billion in 2005 and showed growth rates of about 44%. (The Evolution of BPO in India, Pricewatehousecoopers, 2005). The emerging market as secure capital investment is a different story altogether. The risks of emerging markets and BRIC countries are quite prominent in the face of investments from more stable, advanced countries. The volatile nature of these markets in terms of economic viability has actually held back a lot of potential FDI over the years. Political instability, weak infrastructural capabilities and currency appreciation for export led economies have been just a few of the challenges faced by these emerging markets. GDP growth in agri – dependent economies fluctuates depending on seasonal factors and as most of the emerging markets are, in fact, still largely dependent upon agriculture; a measure of economic growth would too be dependent on agriculture as a primary source of capital. These are just a few of the risk factors in these emerging markets that account for very cautious investments by MNC’c. Part 2: Challenging Global Expansion Strategy With the trends of growth of new emerging markets, particularly BRIC economies, approaches to strategy of global expansion and marketing by traditional MNC’s have seen major overhauls. In terms to Global Expansion Strategy, a look at the EPRG framework for global marketing would give better insight as to how these markets led to the evolution of global strategy. a)Ethnocentric orientation: Ethnocentric orientation refers to an attitude towards export that the product requires little or no modification for export to foreign markets. The key characteristic with these products is that it looks to its home market as the major point of reference. So how has strategy changed regarding the marketing of these ethnocentric products? With the increasing trend of globalization, there is no room for a purely ethnocentric viewpoint towards exportable products. The assumption that the domestic techniques and staff are superior to the target market is imperialistic and redundant in the complex market of today. This ethnocentric outlook, where overseas operations are regarded are secondary to the home market and where personnel are trained in context to the data gathered in the home market is a good example of â€Å"corporate imperialism† Prahalad Lieberthal (1998), state that the mere cultural sensitivity is not enough. They go on to say that MNC’s need to drop many assumptions regarding the nature of the consumer and the market. The assumption, for instance, that the middle class consumer in these emerging markets are at the same level as those in developed markets is not just imperialistic, but may lead to critical errors in the formulation of strategy. A good example of this ethnocentric outlook leading to a loss of marketability would be Revlon when it introduced its products to China in 1976 and India in 1994. Revlon’s assumptions regarding purchasing power and the target customer led to its status as a high-end product and loss of potential sales. ) Polycentric Orientation : The next stage in the evolution of a global strategy would be a more polycentric approach towards overseas markets. In view of a changing market scenario, MNC’s could no longer afford to have an ethnocentric orientation towards global strategy, so naturally the focus shifted from home to host country. A polycentric orientation is one where subsidiaries of the mother company are established in the target markets where objectives and plans are established by these subsidiaries. Research and strategies are formulated by these subsidiaries for their specific markets. New emerging markets led to companies drastically changing this strategy of subsidiaries because of the need for quick decisions without the constant approval of the head office, to facilitate the need for sharing of knowledge and most importantly to cope with the fierce competition spearheaded in most part, by China. Williamson, (2005), talks about increasing innovative competition in Asia and attributes these changes to 4 major shifts in the competitive environment viz. he demise of asset speculation, the scattering of the â€Å"flying geese† development, the breakdown of national economic â€Å"baronies† and the decay of â€Å"me – too† strategies. ( Journal of Business Strategy; 2005, Vol. 26 Issue 2, p37-43, 7p) This basically meant that by 1997 strategies based on asset accumulation as a driving force of company worth, or those based on position of low – e nd or high end manufacturing were no longer applicable. A polycentric orientation, therefore, would not allow appropriate speed of operation and decision making in these markets. )Regiocentric and Geocentric orientation : With the breakdown of national economic barriers and the decay of me – too strategies, referring to hanger –ons of strategic success, regiocentric and geocentric orientation towards the formulation of global strategy started to form the most logical and profitable outlook. A regiocentric orientation is where the region is viewed as one market and a geocentric orientation is where the world is regarded as a single market. In order to develop an effective strategy, a series of questions that a firm needs to address have been created. Strategies that fit emerging markets, Khanna, Palepu, Sinha, 2005). Key questions are based on: Political and social systems Openness Product Market Labour market Capital Market For example, companies found that the labour market in India had a highly liquid pool of English speaking management whereas in China the market for managers was small and static, Brazil had managers with varying degrees of proficiency of the English language and the same was in Russia. 2. 1) Why the need for strategic change? You are only going to have two kinds of companies in the future: those companies that go global, and those companies that go bankrupt. † (AT President John Zeglis quoted in Garten. J, 2004, Introduction, World View: Global strategies for the new economy). In today’s economic trends of emerging markets and increasingly profitable global business, strategies that were once acceptable are no longer applicable primarily because of the vast differences in the markets now available to the global company. Some of the reasons we have already discussed are: )Ethnic and cultural differences. b)Economic structure. c)Organizational structure. d)Increasing competition. e)Globalization. A good example o f a strategy that works in advanced economies and does not have the same viability in emerging economies are the â€Å"mantras† of core competencies and focussed strategies. (Palepu, Khanna, 1997 : Why Focussed strategies may be wrong for emerging markets). Here, the authors talk about how a focussed strategy may work in a developed economy but may not have the same effect in an emerging one. They speculate that the infrastructural incapability in these economies just would not allow this kind of a strategy to function. They argue that â€Å" †¦highly diversified business groups can be particularly well suited to the institutional context in most developing countries. † Therefore it is quite evident that with the rise of BRIC economies and other emerging markets, a change in strategic trends is essential for the MNC to prosper in the changing global economy. Part 3 – Focus on BRIC: Mittal Steel /Arcelor Mittal If there ever was a success story that placed drew attention to the BRIC economies, Arcelor Mittal would be among the top of them. Mittal steel was formed in 2004 when ISPAT international acquired LNM holdings N. V. – both already controlled by now CEO of Arcelor Mittal Lakhsmi Mittal. By 2005, Mittal steel was ranked among the Global fortune 500 companies and after its merger with Arcelor steel in January 2006, it became the first 100 million tonne plus steel producer. Mittal steel was ranked 99 in the Fortune 500 companies in 2007. (rankings on www. oney. cnn. com and company information from www. mittalsteel. com) Mittal steel has an industrial presence all over the globe – Asia, America, Europe and Africa. A Timeline of Mittal Steel 2005: Acquisition of a stake in Hunan Valin ; ISG Acquisition completed ; Mittal Steel Europe created ; Mittal Steel makes Fortune 500 list of top companies; MDA with Liberian government ; Acquisition of Kryvorizhstal ; MoU with State of Jharkhand, India ; Acquisition of Stelco subsidiaries ; Stake lifted in Mittal Steel Zenica 2004: Acquisition of Polski Huty Stali ; Acquisition of BH Steel ; Acquisition of Macedonian facilities from Balkan Steel ; Creation of Mittal Steel and proposed acquisition of International Steel ; 2003Acquisition of Nova Hut 2002 Business assistance agreement signed with Iscor 2001Acquisition of ALFASID ; Acquisition of Sidex 1999Acquisition of Unimetal 1998Acquisition of Inland Steel Company 1997Ispat International NV goes public 1995Acquisition of Hamburger Stahlwerke ; Ispat International Ltd. and Ispat Shipping formed ; Acquisition of Karmet 1994Acquisition of Sidbec-Dosco 992Acquisition of Sibalsa 1989Acquisition of Iron Steel Company of Trinidad Tobago 3. 1) The Strategy From observing the activities of this MNC on the above timeline, it is quite clear that the major Global expansion strategy for Mittal steel has been one of acquisitions. To understand this acquisition – based strategy better, it is imperative to analyse the pre – acquisition negotiation and post â €“ acquisition activities of the acquiring company. It could be safely said that no acquisition process is completely the same compared to another but there are some commonalities. For Mittal Steel, the strategic management of their mergers and acquisitions in the pre and post acquisition stages have led to their phenomenal success on the global scale. So what could be called their process of acquisition? And what would be the strategic advantages of this so called â€Å"acquisition spree† which has taken place over the last 8 years. An example of the activities Mittal Steel would usually follow can be seen by a look at the acquisition of Mexicana Ispat in 1991 . In the pre – acquisition stage, a team of experts were divided into sub –units and sent out to analyse the plant and its operations. Reports of the plants performance in areas of finance, marketing, management etc were analysed and based on the reports of these experts, bids were made by ISPAT. In the post acquisition stage had the following characteristics a)Stopping losses and cutting costs b)Minimal lay –offs c)Implementation of quality control and improvisation programs i)Daily meetings and reports ii)ISO methods iii)Stretch goals iv)Knowledge integration programme It is evident that Mittal Steel, even in that point of time, had a larger strategic plan which integrated this acquisition â€Å"spree†. Cohan and Rangan ( 2006 ) speculate that this strategy is the best for the avoidance of head – to – head competition with incumbent firms. If firms can operate in markets that the already established competition ignores, significant scale of operations can be achieved with minimal competitive retaliation. Once the competitions attention is attracted, the newer firm will be in a position to defend its stance. (Seven Strategy lessons from top entrepreneurs). This strategy has paid off for Mittal steel and has been demonstrated in the Arcelor takeover bid struggle. To answer the question of why it has succeeded where other firms have not, is a combination of both its acquisition process and its innovative market entry strategy. Mittal steel has clearly shown the Global market that emerging markets do have the industrial prowess to finance a takeover in even the most advanced of economies. To conclude, the age of â€Å"corporate imperialism† is now behind us – innovative strategy for a global market being slowly dominated by emerging markets, especially the BRIC economies, must be taken very seriously if a firm is to survive. word count 2683) Sources: EBSCO Google scholar References: Cohan . P , Rangan U. S. (2006), Follow the Legend :Seven Strategy lessons from top entrepreneurs Business strategy review London Business School, winter 2006 Available at ; blackwell- synergy. com/action/showPdf? submitPDF=Full+Text+PDF+%28288+KB%29=10. 1111%2Fj. 0955-6419. 2006. 00436. x=1; Khanna. T. , Palepu . K. G. , Sinha. J. (2005) Strategies t hat Fit emerging Markets Harvard Business Review Harvard University Press, USA Khanna. T. , Palepu. K. 1997), Why Focussed Strategies May Be Wrong For Emerging Markets. World View : Global Strategies for the new economy Harvard University Press (2000) Piramal. G, Ghoshal . S 2005 The Extraordinary story of Mittal Steel Rediff news, March 17th 2005, Viewed 21st April, 2008 Available from rediff. com/money/2005/mar/17mittal. htm Prahalad C. K. , Lieberthal K (1998) The End of Corporate Imperialism World View: Global Strategies for the New Economy Harvard University Press, USA (2000) Williamson Peter. J. (2005) , Asia’s New Competitive Game Journal of Business Strategy; Vol. 26 Issue 2, p37-43, 7p Harvard University Press, 2005 Wilson. D. , Purushothaman (2003) Dreaming With the BRIC Global Economics paper :99 Goldman Sachs Inc. , 2003, viewed 19/04/2008 ; http://www2. goldmansachs. com/ideas/brics/book/99-dreaming. pdf; Wind . Y. , Douglas . S. P. , Perlmutter, H. V. (1973) Guidelines for Developing International Marketing Strategies Journal of Marketing, Vol 37, No. 2, pp 14 -23 American Marketing Association, viewed 20/04/2008 ; jstor. org/stable/view/1250046? seq=1;

Uncle Toms Cabin Quotes

Uncle Toms Cabin Quotes Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is as famous as it is controversial. The book helped to flare up feelings for the slaves in the South, but some of the stereotypes have not been appreciated by some readers in more recent years. Whatever your opinion about Stowes romantic novel, the work is a class in American literature. Here are a few quotes from the book. Quotations Yes Eliza, its all misery, misery, misery! My life is bitter as wormwood; the very life is burning out of me. Im a poor, miserable, forlorn drudge; I shall only drag you down with me, thats all. Whats the use of our trying to do anything, trying to know anything, trying to be anything? Whats the use of living? I wish I was dead!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 2This is Gods curse on slavery!a bitter, bitter, most accursed thing!a curse to the master and a curse to the slave! I was a fool to think I could make anything good out of such a deadly evil.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 5If I must be sold, or all the people on the place, and everything go to rack, why, let me be sold. I spose I can bar it as well as any on em.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 5The huge green fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment. With wild cries and desperate energy she leaped to another and still another cake;stumblingleapingslippingspringing upwards again! Her shoes are goneher stocking cut from her feetwhile blood marked every step; but she saw nothing, felt nothing, till dimly, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 7 You ought to be ashamed, John! Poor, homeless, houseless creatures! Its a shameful, wicked, abominable law, and Ill break it, for one, the first time I get a chance; and I hope I shall have a chance, I do! Things have got to a pretty pass, if a woman cant give a warm supper and a bed to poor, starving creatures, just because they are slaves, and have been abused and oppressed all their lives, poor things!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 9I have lost two, one after another,left em buried there when I came away; and I had only this one left. I never slept a night without him; he was all I had. He was my comfort and pride, day and night; and, maam, they were going to take him away from me,to sell him,sell him down south, maam, to go all alone,a baby that had never been away from his mother in his life!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 9Her form was the perfection of childish beauty, without its usual chubbiness and squareness of outline. There was about it an undulating and aerial grace, such as one might dream of for some mythic and allegorical being. Her face was remarkable less for its perfect beauty of feature than for a singular and dreamy earnestness of expression, which made the ideal start when they looked at her, and by which the dullest and most literal were impressed, without exactly knowing why.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 14 We dont own your laws; we dont own your country; we stand here as free, under Gods sky, as you are; and, by the great God that made us, well fight for our liberty till we die.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 17I looks like gwine to heaven, ant thar where white folks is gwine? Spose theyd have me thar? Id rather go to torment, and get away from Masr and Missis. I had so.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 18When I have been travel ling up and down on our boats, or about on my collecting tours, and reflected that every brutal, disgusting, mean, low-lived fellow I met, was allowed by our laws to become absolute despot of as many men, women and children, as he could cheat, steal, or gamble money enough to buy,when I have seen such men in actual ownership of helpless children, of young girls and women,I have been ready to curse my country, to curse the human race!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 19One thing is certain,that there is a mustering among the masses, the world over; and there is a dis irae coming on, sooner or later. The same thing is working in Europe, in England, and in this country. My mother used to tell me of a millennium that was coming, when Christ should reign, and all men should be free and happy. And she taught me, when I was a boy, to pray, Thy kingdom come. Sometimes I think all this sighing, and groaning, and stirring among the dry bones foretells what she used to tell me was coming. But who may abide the day of His appearing?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 19 Im going there, to the spirits bright, Tom; Im going, before long.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 22There, you impudent dog! Now will you learn not to answer back when I speak to you? Take the horse back, and clean him properly. Ill teach you your place!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 23Its jest no use tryin to keep Miss Eva here. Shes got the Lords mark on her forehead.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 24O, thats what troubles me, papa. You want me to live so happy, and never have any pain,never suffer anything,not even hear a sad story, when other poor creatures have nothing but pain and sorrow, all their lives;it seems selfish. I ought to know such things, I ought to feel about them! Such things always sunk into my heart; they went down deep; Ive thought and thought about them. Papa, isnt there any way to have all slaves made free?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 24I told you, Cousin, that youd find out that these creatures cant be brought up without severity. If I had my way, now, Id send that child out, and have her thoroughly whipped; Id have her whipped till she couldnt stand!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25 No; she cant bar me, cause Im a nigger!shed s soon have a toad touch her! There cant nobody love niggers, and niggers cant do nothin! I dont care.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25O, Topsy, poor child, I love you! I love you, because you havent had any father, or mother, or friends;because youve been a poor, abused child! I love you, and I want you to be good. I am very unwell, Topsy, and I think I shant live a great while; and it really grieves me, to have you be so naughty. I wish you would try to be good, for my sake;its only a little while I shall be with you.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 25Topsy, you poor child, dont give up! I can love you, though I am not like that dear little child. I hope Ive learnt something of the love of Christ from her. I can love you; I do, and Ill try to help you to grow up a good Christian girl.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 27Delicacy! A fine word for such as she! Ill teach her, with all her airs, that shes no better than the raggedest black wench that walks the streets! Shell take no more airs with me!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 29 Now, Im principled against emancipating, in any case. Keep a negro under the care of a master, and he does well enough, and is respectable; but set them free, and they get lazy, and wont work, and take to drinking, and go all down to be mean, worthless fellows. Ive seen it tried, hundreds of times. Its no favor to set them free.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 29Im your church now!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 31Here, you rascal, you make believe to be so pious,didnt you never hear, out of your Bible, Servants, obey yer masters? Ant I yer master? Didnt I pay down twelve hundred dollars, cash, for all there is inside yer old cussed black shell? Ant yer mine, now, body and soul?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 33Poor critturs! What made em cruel?and, if I give out, I shall get used to t, and grow, little by little, just like em! No, no, Missis! Ive lost everything,wife and children, and home, and a kind Masr,and he would have set me free, if hed only lived a week longer; Ive lost everything in this world, and its clean gone, forever,and now I cant lose Heaven, too; no, I cant get to be wicked, besides all!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 34 When I was a girl, I thought I was religious; I used to love God and prayer. Now, Im a lost soul, pursued by devils that torment me day and night; they keep pushing me on and onand Ill do it, too, some of these days! Ill send him where he belongs,a short way, too,one of these nights, if they burn me alive for it!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 34Youre afraid of me, Simon, and youve reason to be. But be careful, for Ive got the devil in me!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 35How long Tom lay there, he knew not. When he came to himself, the fire was gone out, his clothes were wet with the chill and drenching dews; but the dread soul-crisis was past, and, in the joy that filled him, he no longer felt hunger, cold, degradation, disappointment, wretchedness.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38From his deepest soul, he that hour loosed and parted from every hope in the life that now is, and offered his own will an unquestioning sacrifice to the Infi nite. Tom looked up to the silent, ever-living stars,types of the angelic hosts who ever look down on man; and the solitude of the night rung with the triumphant words of a hymn, which he had sung often in happier days, but never with such feeling as now.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38 No, time was when I would, but the Lords given me a work among these yer poor souls, and Ill stay with em and bear my cross with em till the end. Its different with you; its a snare to you,its more n you can stand,and youd better go if you can.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 38Hark e, Tom!ye think, cause Ive let you off before, I dont mean what I say; but, this time, Ive made up my mind, and counted the cost. Youve always stood it out again me: now, Ill conquer ye, or kill ye!one or t other. Ill count every drop of blood there is in you, and take em, one by one, till ye give up!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Masr, if you was sick, or in trouble, or dying, and I could save ye, Id give ye my hearts blood; and, if taking every drop of blood in this poor old body would save your precious soul, Id give em freely, as the Lord gave his for me. O, Masr! dont bring this great sin on your soul! It will hurt you more thant will me! Do the worst you can, my troub lesll be over soon; but, if ye dont repent, yours wont never end!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40 There ant no more ye can do! I forgive ye, with all my soul!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Do tell us who is Jesus anyhow? Jesus, thats been a standin by you so, all this night!Who is he?- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 40Dont call me poor fellow! I have been poor fellow; but thats all past and gone, now. Im right in the door, going into glory! O, Masr George! Heaven has come! Ive got the victory!the Lord Jesus has given it to me! Glory be to His name!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41I dont sell dead niggers. You are welcome to bury him where and when you like.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41Witness, eternal God! Oh, witness, that, from this hour, I will do what one man can to drive out this curse of slavery from my land!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 41It was on his grave, my friends, that I resolved, before God, that I would never own another slave, while it is possible to free him; that nobody, throug h me, should ever run the risk of being parted from home and friends, and dying on a lonely plantation, as he died. So, when you rejoice in your freedom, think that you owe it to the good old soul, and pay it back in kindness to his wife and children. Think of your freedom, every time you see UNCLE TOMS CABIN; and let it be a memorial to put you all in mind to follow in his steps, and be as honest and faithful and Christian as he was.- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 44 A day of grace is yet held out to us. Both North and South have been guilty before God; and the Christian church has a heavy account to answer. Not by combining together, to protect injustice and cruelty, and making a common capital of sin, is this Union to be saved,but by repentance, justice and mercy; for, not surer is the eternal law by which the millstone sinks in the ocean, than that stronger law, by which injustice and cruelty shall bring on nations the wrath of Almighty God!- Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin, Ch. 45

The Thoughts of Carl Jung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Thoughts of Carl Jung - Essay Example Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 on the Swiss shore of Lake Constance to Paul and Emilie Jung, a village pastor and the youngest daughter of a famous-but-eccentric theologian (Stevens, 2001, p. 2). Jung's father died when he was still in school and, although his first career choice was that of a medical doctor, he was precluded from pursuing this career path due to the fact that he could not afford to do so; he opted instead, to go to work as an assistant at the Bergholzli asylum proximate to Zurich (Daniels, 2003, p. 24). He met and developed a friendship with Sigmund Freud, with whom he corresponded often until a series of philosophical and perceptive differences caused the break (Stevens, 2001, pp. 18-24). He married and had a family and, although seemingly happy with his wife Emma, nevertheless engaged in several well-documented affairs. After World War I, he spent much of his time traveling and writing much of the work we have today. He died in 1961. There are many aspects of Jung's life and experiences that can be seen in his subsequent work; so much so that they lie far beyond the scope of this paper. There are a few, however, that should be mentioned to provide context for the theories and his contribution to society which follow. The first is the environment in which Jung developed. In speaking of the period of time between the 1870s and 1930s, one author notes that "the major disciplinary and theoretical forms of modern psychology and psychotherapy were established" (Shamdasani, 2003, p. 10). It was in this culture of change and development that Jung went to school, spent nine years at the Bergholzli asylum, formed and broke his relationship with Freud, had his many dreams and near-psychotic breaks, and generally formed the foundations of his thinking. Many of his theories, three of which are named below, can be traced to this developmental era of re-thinking the philosophy and science of psychology. Another event in Jung's life that bears mention is his relationship with his mother. Specifically when, as a young boy who slept with his father (his parents kept separate bedrooms), she had a breakdown "for which she had to spend several months in the hospital, and this enforced separation at a critical stage in his development seems to have affected Jung for the rest of his life" (Stevens, 2001, p. 3). This maternal separation seemed to have had a great influence on his concept of "anima (the female complex in his unconscious)", and is cited as a possible reason for his numerous affairs as well as his apparent habit of surrounding himself with women (Stevens, 2001, pp. 26-27). A third influential event would have to be his six year correspondence and friendship with Sigmund Freud. As Jung developed from student to an independent thinker, he was often suppressed by Freud, particularly when his ideas expanded

Refrace week2-1rem9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refrace week2-1rem9 - Essay Example The practice of ethics will also depends on which of Badaracco’s (1992) four spheres of ethics has prominence. If top management and the stakeholders/shareholders are our priority then decisions taken may be misunderstood by workers in a company, who feel that they deserve some consideration too. Mistrust and dislike creeps in. This in turn has a negative impact upon motivation and performance on the shop floor. Cunliffe (2004) states that managers need to learn how to practice ethics and morality, and when necessary make required changes in both their attitudes and practices. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) was discussed and linked with the goal of both retaining employees and increasing motivation and engagement. According to various studies (Ali and Ali, 2011; Gross and Holland, 2011; Brammer, Millington and Rayton, 2007) it seems that workers prefer to be employed by a company which is socially committed. Socially commitment is also perceived positively by the wider community (Tang, 2007; Mohr, Webb and Harris, 2001; Moir, 2001). Kenexa (2010) having studied and considered the situation in six different countries, showed strong evidence of links between corporate social responsibility and higher levels of employee engagement. At present our organization is in the early stages of CSR, which means that as yet there is only a limited level of employee participation. The process of making the employees understand the ways in which they will benefit from CSR, and how is going to benefit them their levels of motivation levels will be increased. As the level of our CSR increases so their participation levels should also increase. At the same time it is also necessary that the employees feel that the ethical decisions being made will benefit them within the organization. Ali and Ali (2011) reveal that the importance of organizations having policies of ethical activity towards their employees

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Business Plan - Essay Example Food provision market is a market that is constantly growing and at a high rate. Food provision is turning to be more professional in order to attract customers in the growing market. The market is assumed to be constant with no seasonal trends since its target customers work daily hence sales are expected to be constant throughout. The market is segmented in that there are quality hotels, restaurants, fast food and some providing food in open air kiosk. Oyster hotel is expected to include services of a quality hotel through provision of quality dishes and also meet the demands of travellers by providing fast foods. (Clifford, 2001) The hotel industry has varied customers. There are residence customers who usually frequent quality hotels for rooms. There are also travellers who mainly buy fast foods to consume as they are travelling and there are usual customers who frequent hotels for quality dishes in a relaxing atmosphere or to hold discussions as they take their meals. The hotel will be targeting all these customers. The hotel will use a variety of marketing strategy aimed at attracting and retains customers. The business will look toward cutting an edge in the market through provide of high quality meal, offering wide range of menu at reasonable prices and operating for 24 hours. The hotel will also carry out direct marking strategies to reach individual customer and also it will advertisement in the mass media. It will also be proving special nights on weekends for couples as a way of advertising. (Ron, 2003) The business will have a central procurement procedure for raw material which will be used to prepare quality meals. The menu for the hotel will provide quality dished and buffet meals. Apart from buffet meals there will also be plate service served by well trained food waiters. The hotel will be headed by the hotel manager who will be responsible for coordinating the activities of

The Internal Control over Cash Payments Assignment - 1

The Internal Control over Cash Payments - Assignment Example No supervisor reviews the purchasing agent’s work† (The case study A, n.d.). In this case, the missing internal control characteristic is the proper approvals of the purchasing activities. The possible problem of the firm is a failure on the part of the purchasing department of the company to supervise and properly approve the company’s purchases. The reason is that the purchasing agent bears the responsibility of approving the invoices and signing the checks without any supervision. This problem can be solved if the purchasing department assumes its supervisory responsibility for the purchasing activities of the company. â€Å"Rachel Williams owns an architectural firm. Williams’ staff consists of 19 professional architects, and Williams manages the office. Often, Williams’ work requires her to travel to meet with clients. During the past six months, Williams has observed that when she returns from a business trip, the architecture jobs in the office have not progressed satisfactorily. Williams learns that when she is away, two of her senior architects take over office management and neglect their regular duties. One employee could manage the office† (The case study B, n.d.). In this case, the missing internal control characteristic is lack of separation of duties. The possible problem of the firm is a failure on the part of the top management (Rachel Williams, the owner of the firm) to distinguish the duties of the two senior architects, especially in her absence. The possible solution to the problem lies in making one of the senior architects an assistant manager. This way, imp ortant tasks will be performed both in the presence and the absence of the manager. â€Å"Mike Dolan has been an employee of the City of Southport for many years. Because the city is small, Dolan performs all accounting duties, in addition to opening the mail, preparing the bank deposit, and preparing the bank reconciliation†.

Psychology - Community service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology - Community service - Research Paper Example After a lengthy interview with the agency’s Deputy Director, I found out just how much of a toll order it is to keep these agencies running. They face numerous day to day challenges. It takes nerves of steel to keep these agencies ablaze. The Ray of Hope Agency takes care of the entire Village. It serves a population of about 4500 people. It has majorly employed people from the local area. There are however experts employed from all around the country who take care of the more sophisticated aspects. The agency has employed people from all walks of life, ranging from cleaners to cooks to mentors to psychologists and managers. Applicant employees are thoroughly vetted before being employed. Being a church based agency, Ray of Hope insists that its employees be God fearing. Employment is purely based on merit and dedication to Christianity. The agency has local agents who identify the Middle School Students who are most inclined towards dropping out of school and those who have recently dropped out and have not been subjected to the rigorous process of the agency. Once identified, the students are approached by a set of qualified psychologists who talk them into participating in the agency’s process. The students are then officially enrolled into the agency. A team of staff members is set out to investigate each student’s background and approach his or her parents or guardians. The team comes up with a report that explains the possible reasons for the students apparent drop out from school or inclination towards it. The students are then each counseled appropriately by experts. They are made to watch movies that touch on real life scenarios and the importance of education. The values of education are thoroughly highlighted and brainwashed into the student’s minds. They are kept free from demeaning peer pressure and bad habits like drug abuse and sexual encounters. They are convinced to enroll back in school. Working with their

The Site Environmental Defense Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Site Environmental Defense - Case Study Example Our interactive organization focuses on the protection of our ecosystems such as rivers, forests, and wildlife. We are currently encouraging partnerships and expanding incentives for environmental conservation-related activities. (Source http://www.edf.org/ecosystems) Our organization has been fighting as a voice of change towards environmental conservation and adoption of environmentally friendly practices. Currently, most of our activities are funded by well-wishers and donors. We are also recruiting members and anybody is free to join us by signing up and the end of the page. There are several ways through which members and well-wishers can make their donations and become environmental defenders. Finally, we have initiated a number of campaigns that champion the adoption of a greener economy and protect the rights of individuals to openly speak about their environmental concerns. Links to other pages on the site News of our activities Campaigns Donate Blog About Us Since the early 1980s, Environmental Defense .com has always been a leader in inspiring environmental conservation by creating an opportunity for people to connect and share their concerns regarding environmental protection. Consequently, we have grown to become one of the greatest unbiased sources of information related to environmental protection on the internet. ...Environmental defense.com was begun by a small team of environmental conservationists who were concerned by the diminishing populations of aquatic organisms as a result of excessive use of fertilizers and harmful pesticides such as DTT in several parts of the world during the 1980s. It was discovered that these mostly agricultural chemicals often found their ways into the rivers, lakes, and oceans through run-offs and consequently build up to poison several aquatic species. The group of environmental conservation scientists also noted that as the residues of these harmful pesticides and chemicals continue to build up in these organis ms, they eventually found their way up the food chain thus endangering the lives of humans as well. As a result, the environmentalists teamed up together with a few lawyers and scientists to form Environment Defense.com as an organization that inspires environmental conservation by creating an opportunity for people to connect and share their environmental concerns. Over the years, Environmental defense.com has recruited thousands of members including small volunteer groups and is currently working towards organizing funds through donations to expand the organizations' services and activities globally. Finally, our mission is to defend the environment by inspiring change in corporate organizations, in governments as well as individuals to enable them to contribute towards a greener, healthier and sustainable environment for all. Useful Information on our Activities and Advocacy Throughout the last few decades of our existence, our impacts have been felt in many areas of environmenta l concerns such as health, ecosystems, climate, and oceans.

The Internal Control over Cash Payments Assignment - 1

The Internal Control over Cash Payments - Assignment Example No supervisor reviews the purchasing agent’s work† (The case study A, n.d.). In this case, the missing internal control characteristic is the proper approvals of the purchasing activities. The possible problem of the firm is a failure on the part of the purchasing department of the company to supervise and properly approve the company’s purchases. The reason is that the purchasing agent bears the responsibility of approving the invoices and signing the checks without any supervision. This problem can be solved if the purchasing department assumes its supervisory responsibility for the purchasing activities of the company. â€Å"Rachel Williams owns an architectural firm. Williams’ staff consists of 19 professional architects, and Williams manages the office. Often, Williams’ work requires her to travel to meet with clients. During the past six months, Williams has observed that when she returns from a business trip, the architecture jobs in the office have not progressed satisfactorily. Williams learns that when she is away, two of her senior architects take over office management and neglect their regular duties. One employee could manage the office† (The case study B, n.d.). In this case, the missing internal control characteristic is lack of separation of duties. The possible problem of the firm is a failure on the part of the top management (Rachel Williams, the owner of the firm) to distinguish the duties of the two senior architects, especially in her absence. The possible solution to the problem lies in making one of the senior architects an assistant manager. This way, imp ortant tasks will be performed both in the presence and the absence of the manager. â€Å"Mike Dolan has been an employee of the City of Southport for many years. Because the city is small, Dolan performs all accounting duties, in addition to opening the mail, preparing the bank deposit, and preparing the bank reconciliation†.

The Site Environmental Defense Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Site Environmental Defense - Case Study Example Our interactive organization focuses on the protection of our ecosystems such as rivers, forests, and wildlife. We are currently encouraging partnerships and expanding incentives for environmental conservation-related activities. (Source http://www.edf.org/ecosystems) Our organization has been fighting as a voice of change towards environmental conservation and adoption of environmentally friendly practices. Currently, most of our activities are funded by well-wishers and donors. We are also recruiting members and anybody is free to join us by signing up and the end of the page. There are several ways through which members and well-wishers can make their donations and become environmental defenders. Finally, we have initiated a number of campaigns that champion the adoption of a greener economy and protect the rights of individuals to openly speak about their environmental concerns. Links to other pages on the site News of our activities Campaigns Donate Blog About Us Since the early 1980s, Environmental Defense .com has always been a leader in inspiring environmental conservation by creating an opportunity for people to connect and share their concerns regarding environmental protection. Consequently, we have grown to become one of the greatest unbiased sources of information related to environmental protection on the internet. ...Environmental defense.com was begun by a small team of environmental conservationists who were concerned by the diminishing populations of aquatic organisms as a result of excessive use of fertilizers and harmful pesticides such as DTT in several parts of the world during the 1980s. It was discovered that these mostly agricultural chemicals often found their ways into the rivers, lakes, and oceans through run-offs and consequently build up to poison several aquatic species. The group of environmental conservation scientists also noted that as the residues of these harmful pesticides and chemicals continue to build up in these organis ms, they eventually found their way up the food chain thus endangering the lives of humans as well. As a result, the environmentalists teamed up together with a few lawyers and scientists to form Environment Defense.com as an organization that inspires environmental conservation by creating an opportunity for people to connect and share their environmental concerns. Over the years, Environmental defense.com has recruited thousands of members including small volunteer groups and is currently working towards organizing funds through donations to expand the organizations' services and activities globally. Finally, our mission is to defend the environment by inspiring change in corporate organizations, in governments as well as individuals to enable them to contribute towards a greener, healthier and sustainable environment for all. Useful Information on our Activities and Advocacy Throughout the last few decades of our existence, our impacts have been felt in many areas of environmenta l concerns such as health, ecosystems, climate, and oceans.

20th Century World Literature a Madmans Diary Essay Example for Free

20th Century World Literature a Madmans Diary Essay In this paper we will research the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Talk about how is Lu Xun’s A Madmans Diary a reflection of China’s revolutionary history, explain how In Diary, who the madman was and what he represented. Also we will look at and explain what cannibalism represented. And then we will discuss how this can be applied to our lives. The Revolution of 1911 was a period of time during Chinese history which overthrew Chinas last imperial dynasty, and established the Republic of China. It was made up of many fights and uprisings. What changed it all was the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, which was the result of the Railway Protection Movement. This ended with the resignation of the â€Å"Last Emperor† on February 12, 1912, which marked the end of the Imperial rule and set up the Chinas Republican era. A Madmans Diary promoted Chinas education and progress similar to the style of Western civilization thorough first-person fiction that is obscenitively satirical. At the end of the piece, the madman says,† Perhaps there are still children and future generations who have not yet fully adopted Confucian values are the likely candidates for social change. The have not yet read the history books pounding in the ideas of age-old morality and piety and social cannibalism. Their parents have not yet corrupted their belief system. Save the children, and save China. The exact words from the book says that the madman: was one of two brothers: Two brothers, whose names I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill. pg. 131 The Longman Anthology World Literature 2nd Ed The brother that was seriously ill was considered the madman and the only illness he was suffering from was a persecution complexity issue within himself. The madmans ideas represents the changes sought by the Revolution of 1911 which were a spirit of progress and reform at both social and personal levels; the rejection of an tyrannical traditionalism, conformity and ignorance. The madman respects writing as the source of apparent truth but is trying to gain true wisdom through the making of this novel literary. As cannibalism is metaphor for the unfeeling nature of Chinese feudalism, the madman is Lu Xun’s ideal persona. Furthermore, Lu Xun personifies his own ideals through his career choice to pursue writing in an effort to bring about the spiritual awakening that he believes the Chinese are in need of. In the end, Lu Xun effectively places himself as the â€Å"madman† and revolutionary of modern Chinese literature. This story has taught me a lot and I am glad that it was a piece of literature that we had to read. It taught me that no matter how crazy we think we are sometimes we are really the smartest ones in the bunch and it generally is just a persecution complex issue that we have with ourselves which we need to find a way to overcome.

Irish Defence Forces History

Irish Defence Forces History Joshua Ryan Public Administration: Public Organisation Profile 2017 The public organisation that I have chosen to investigate is the Irish Defence Forces. I chose this organisation as I have a strong interest in the Irish Defence Forces and a desire to pursue a career as an officer upon completion of my degree. The Irish Defence Forces have a proud tradition of professionalism and good conduct. They have proven themselves on the world stage with their peacekeeping missions that have gained them a phenomenal reputation within the UN. At home they have defended the state and provided security in times of need. They have provided aid at the highest levels at both home in conjunction with the Gardaà ­ and abroad with other militaries and Aid organisations. Origins The Irish Defence Forces can trace its origins back to the formation of the Irish Volunteers in 1913.The Irish Volunteers were founded by The ORahilly and Eoin MacNeill, they were founded due to growing militarism in Ulster and to oppose the Ulster Volunteer Force. The Irish Volunteers grew substantially and by 1914 they numbered approximately 180,000 personnel. The Irish Volunteers however split after the outbreak of the First World War. John Redmond the leader of the Irish Home Rule party urged members of the Irish Volunteers to join the British army and show their support for the Empire to prove their loyalty to home rule. Approximately 11,000 personnel strongly opposed this and split from the Irish Volunteers but retained the name, the remaining personnel renamed themselves the National Volunteers.[1] The Irish Volunteers were then effectively taken over by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, using the volunteers they planned the 1916 Easter Rising. The 1916 Easter rising was a reb ellion mainly confined to Dublin, fought by a small group of the hardened volunteers due to confusion in orders, it was characterised by fierce street fighting and incredible discipline by the volunteers. Fifteen of the leaders or the rebellion were executed by the British which led to public outcry and a sympathy for the rebels which previously they did not have. This sympathy would lead to a strong public support for the volunteers as they transitioned into the Irish Republican Army.[2] In 1919 as the Dail was established the Irish Volunteers pledged their allegiance to the Dail, which made them the national army of the Dail. This transitioned them to become the Irish Republican Army. They then grew in strength and in 1919 after an attack by an IRA section at soloheadbeg they began the war of independence. They began to use guerrilla warfare tactics and gained success through small sections called flying columns. Members of the Irish Republican Army had to swear the same oath of allegiance to the Dail as TDs which further concreted them as the national army.[3] Once the war of independence was complete and both sides wanted peace, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed. This caused a divide in both the Dail and the Irish Republican Army. The IRA split between the Anti-Treaty IRA and the Pro-Treaty IRA. The Pro-Treaty IRA became the National Army, unofficially known as the Free State Army or the Regulars. The Civil War began on the 22nd of June 1922 with the shelling of the four courts which the Anti-Treaty IRA had taken and ended on the 24th of May 1923 with the order for the Anti-Treaty to drop arms. The National Army strengthened itself during the civil war and began to take shape of a professional Army and lay the foundational structure for the Defence Forces we have today. The National Army was given Artillery, Aircraft, Armoured Cars, Machine Guns, Rifles, Small Arms and Ammunition supplies by the British Army. At the end of the war the National Army numbered at 55,000 personnel and 3,500 officers. Many of the troops that entered the new Na tional Army were veterans of the First World War that served in Irish Battalions in the British Army. After the Civil War the National Army was well structured, manned and equipped, they were no longer a guerrilla insurgency but a strong National Army.[4] There was a need to reduce the size of the Army after the civil war. This led to the Army Mutiny where there was a severe reaction to the demobilisation of officers. This was dealt with effectively and democratically. This led to the Executive Council formally establishing Oglaigh na hEireann on the 1st of October 1924. The Army sent representatives to the United States of America in 1926 to study their structures, tactics and training. This visit led to the formation of the Military College, Corp and Service schools. In 1934 the Volunteer Force were established as the Permanent Defence Forces were being reduced. [5] In June 1922 the Air Service HQ was formed at Baldonnell. They began with 14 pilots flying 13 aircraft. In 1926 the cadet scheme was introduced which still is the process in becoming a pilot in the Air Corp today. Moving into the late 1930s and early 40s the Air Corp received new Aircraft and equipment. In 1956 the Air Corp upgraded their airfields to accommodate the purchases of jet fighters later that year. In the early 1960s the Air Corp purchased their first helicopters for search and rescue then for troop transport and air reconnaissance. The Air Corp continued to update its Aircraft as time progressed and as new needs and duties for the Air Corp were required. In the late 1990s a new branch of the Gardai was established the Garda Air Support Unit, the Air Corp was tasked with helping establish this and to train its personnel. [6] From 1922 the Army was tasked with protection of the state from the land, the Air Corp with the protection of the Airspace but Irish waters were under protection by the British until 1938 when the Treaty ports were returned after the economic war. In May 1939 the Irish Government ordered two torpedo motor boats. The outbreak of the Second World War greatly increased the speed of which the Naval Service was being established. The order of torpedo motor boats increased from two to six and in September 1939 the Marine and Coastwatching service was established. This service at its height during the Second World War comprised of ten vessels. After the war the Coastwatching service was disbanded. Afterwards the Irish Government decided that what remained of the Marine Service would be integrated into the Defence Forces. This is the establishment of the Naval Service that we know today.[7] Head of the Defence Forces The overall head of the Irish Defence Forces is the Supreme Commander President Michael D.Higgins but this is more of a ceremonial role rather than direct management. The Irish Defence Forces falls under the Department of Defence, the current Minister for Defence is Paul Kehoe TD. The Chief Of Staff for the Irish Defence Forces with overall control of the Defence Forces is Vice Admiral Mark Mellett DSM. Vice Admiral Mellett DSM has held this position since September 2015. [8] Vice Admiral Mellett DSM is a native of Castlebar, Co. Mayo. He enlisted in the Naval Service in November 1976. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) in 1994 as Captain of LE Orla for his role in detention of drug smuggling craft. He has had a long and successful career in the Irish Defence forces, having served overseas in both the Lebanon and Afghanistan [9] The Chief Of Staff is accompanied by General Staff, these include Deputy Chief Of Staff Operations Major General Kieran Brennen, Deputy Chief Of Staff Support Major General Kevin Cotter and Assistant Chief Of Staff Support Brigadier General Peter OHalloran. [10] The General Officer Commanding of 1st Brigade is Brigadier General Philip Brennan, 2nd Brigade is commanded by Brigadier General Michael Beary. The Defence Forces Training centre is commanded by Brigadier General Joe Mulligan. The Officer in command of the Air Corp is Brigadier General Paul Fry. The Flag Officer Commanding the Naval Service is Commodore Hugh Tully.[11] These heads of the Defence forces are those that are called upon to answer for actions of the Defence Forces. They are responsible for accountability with the General staff cooperating with the Minister for Defence in times where accountability is questioned. Structure The Irish Defence Forces encompasses the Army, Air Corp, Naval Service, both Army and Naval Service Reserves . There is currently a recruitment drive in the Defence Forces. There is approximately 9,137 personnel as of May 2016 in the Permanent Defence Forces and 2,323 personnel as of November 2015 in the Reserves. This is distributed among the branches with 7,310 personnel in the Army, 733 in the Air Corp and 1,094 in the Naval Service.[12] The Army is structured into the Defence Forces HQ, 1st Brigade, 2nd brigade and the Defence Forces Training Centre. The 1st Brigade is responsible for the south of the country, Carlow, Laois, Offaly, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Clare, Tipperary and Galway. The HQ of 1st Brigade is located at Collins Barracks Cork, there are four other 1st Brigade barracks, Sarsfields Barracks in Limerick, Stephens Barracks in Kilkenny, Kilworth Training Camp in Kilworth and Dun Ui Mhaoilosa in Galway.[13] 2nd Brigade is responsible for the north of the country, Wicklow, Dublin, Louth, Kildare, Longford, Meath, Westmeath, Roscommon, Cavan, Monaghan, Donegal, Sligo, Leitrim and Mayo. The HQ is Cathal Brugha Barracks in Rathmines, Dublin, there are six other 2nd Brigade barracks, Mckee Barracks in Dublin 7, St Bricins Hospital in Dublin, Gormanstown Camp in Co. Meath, Aiken Barracks in Dundalk, Custume Barracks in Athlone and Finner Camp in Ballyshannon.[14] The Defence Forces training Centre is located in The Curragh Camp in Co. Kildare. The HQ and all training, education and logistical units are located there. The 1st Mechanised Infantry Company, 1st Armoured Cavalry Squadron and the Army Ranger Wing are also located in the Curragh Camp. The Army consists of nine corps, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Communications and Services, Engineers, Ordnance, Medical, Transport and Military Police.[15] The Air Corp Comprises of the Air Corp Headquarters, No.1 Operations Wing, No.3 Operations Wing, No.4 Support Wing, No.5 support Wing, Communications and Information Services Squadron and Air Corps College. The Air Corps Headquarters is located in Casement Aerodrome in Baldonnel. The Naval Service comprises of the Naval Service Headquarters, Naval Operations Command, Naval Support Command which are all located on Haulbowline Island in Cork Harbour and the Naval College. The Naval College is situated in two locations the Naval College Training Naval Base and the National Maritime College of Ireland in Ringaskiddy. The Navy consists also of seven ships, one Helicopter Patrol Vessel, three Offshore Patrol Vessels, two Large Patrol Vessels and two Coastal Patrol Vessels.[16] Main Functions The Irish Defence Forces main role is protection of the state. The Irish Armys role is to defend the state, provide aid and support to the Garda Siochana when needed, to contribute and participate in peacekeeping and international aid and support. In times of emergency to assist crisis situations.[17] The Role of the Irish Air Corp is to provide Inshore and Offshore Maritime patrol, Army support and reconnaissance, Garda Air Support, Air Ambulance, Military Transport and Search and Rescue.[18] The role of the Naval Service is to defend the state, to protect the nations maritime interests. The Naval Service provides a lot of deterrent aggression and protecting Irelands sovereign rights. The Navy does a lot of policing word with people, arms and drug smuggling. The Naval Service has provided support for refugees fleeing Syria in the Mediterranean recently and has been praised globally for its efforts there. The Navy has been flexible in its UN missions and have outperformed much larger better equipped naval powers.[19] Budget The Irish Defence Forces has always had a small budget compared to other nations but it has utilised the resources its been given most efficiently. The 2016 Defence Forces Budget was 904 million euro which was an increase from 2015, the proposed budget for 2017 will see an increase again in the defence budget. The budget increase is to maintain commitments of the Defence Forces both internationally and at home.[20] The budget for the Irish Defence Forces is planned to increase over the next six years, there is a planned 437 million to be given for equipment and capital investments for the Defence Forces. Minister for Defence Paul Kehoe announced that the 2017 budget would be 922 million euro which is a 16million euro increase from 2016. The proposed plans for the increased investment in the Irish Defence Forces are to upgrade or replace the Armys Armoured Personnel Carriers, to increase the capability and strength of the Army Ranger Wing, to replace three of the Naval Service Vessels and replacement of the Air Corps Cessna fleet and Casa Maritime patrol aircraft.[21] The breakdown of the 2017 budget of 922 million is 692million for defence and 230 million for Military pensions.497 million of the 692 million is spent on wages for the 9,500 military personnel, 550 civilian employees and 350 civil servants. With the order of the replacement Naval Vessels, this will take up a good portion of the increased budget and the additional capital investment allocation. The increased spending on the Defence Forces is welcomed by the public and military personnel. There is an additional 2 million allocated to the Reserve Defence Forces to recruit new members but to also improve equipment and increase the capabilities of the RDF. This further investment into the RDF comes as they are given a stronger link to the Permanent Defence Forces and joint cooperation is increased, with plans to send member of the RDF on peacekeeping missions alongside PDF members this increase in spending is welcomed and needed.[22] Personal Impressions of their Public Profile My own personal impressions of the Irish Defence Forces is that recently there has been a big push to promote the Irish Defence Forces within the public. There has been a stigma over the years towards the Defence Forces, that since we are neutral that there is no need for them. I completely disagree with this and the image that previously the public have viewed the Defence Forces lightly and not seen them as a professional outfit. The Irish Defence Forces of 2017 are one of the best trained in the world, they not are equipped with new standard issue Steyr Aug A4s replacing the A1s we have been using.[23] The Defence Forces Peacekeeping missions for the UN have been praised worldwide, they are favoured by the UN for their professionalism and good conduct. The Naval Service has been conducting operations in the Mediterranean, where they have been rescuing refugees and migrants from the conflicts in the Middle East. They have received international recognition for this and have truly ma de the nation proud.[24] My personal opinion is that the Defence Forces deserve the increase in Budget, there has been issues with pay in recent years, I firmly believe that every member of the Defence Forces deserve an increase in pay. The Job asked of our brave men and women is full of peril and the current wages dont match what is asked of them. The Irish Defence Forces of 2017 is a military of which I am proud of what they have accomplished as a small island with a small population we have made our mark on the world stage that would make a much larger military envious. Bibliography Coogan, T.P. and Morrison, G. (1998) The Irish Civil war: A photographic record. Boulder, CO: Rinehart, Roberts Publishers. (Coogan and Morrison, 1998) Cuà ­v, É.Ó. and Ó, M. (2013) The Irish Volunteers 1913-1915: Recollections and documents. Edited by F. X. Martin, Ruan ODonnell, and Micheal O h Aodha. Ireland: Merrion Press. (Cuà ­v and Ó, 2013) Department of Defence home page (2017) Available at: http://www.defence.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). (Department of Defence home page, 2017) English (no date) Available at: http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 2 March 2017). (English, no date) Forces, I.D. (2015) Irish Defence forces Lebanon 16 06 2014 TAOISEACH Enda Kenny meets some of the Irish Personnel who escorted him during his visit. Commandant Colin Miller ( back to camera), trooper Shane Callaghan (foreground) and trooper Michael Barry (background). Available at: http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/WP2015E (Accessed: 3 March 2017). (Forces, 2015) Independent (2012) Irish Army rifle to get multi-million euro upgrade. Available at: http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/irish-army-rifle-to-get-multimillion-euro-upgrade-26835770.html (Accessed: 3 March 2017). (Independent, 2012) Lee, J. (2017) Irish Defence budget increases but is it enough? Available at: https://flyinginireland.com/2016/10/irish-defence-budget-increases-but-is-it-enough/ (Accessed: 1 March 2017). (Lee, 2017) Ltd, I.E. (2016) Naval service rescues over 10, 000 in Mediterranean. Available at: http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/naval-service-rescues-over-10000-in-mediterranean-411454.html (Accessed: 3 March 2017). (Ltd, 2016) McCarthy, M. (ed.) (2013) Irelands 1916 rising: Explorations of history-making, Commemoration heritage in modern times. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing. (McCarthy, 2013) McIvor, A. (1994) History of the Irish naval service Aidan McIvor hardcover. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. (McIvor, 1994) [1](Cuà ­v and Ó, 2013) [2] (McCarthy, 2013) [3] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [4] (Coogan and Morrison, 1998) [5] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [6] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [7] (McIvor, 1994) [8] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [9] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [10] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [11] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [12] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [13] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [14] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [15] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [16] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [17] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [18] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [19] http://www.military.ie (Accessed: 1 March 2017). [20] (Department of Defence, 2017) [21] (Lee, 2017) [22] (Forces, 2015) [23] (Independent, 2012) [24] (Ltd, 2016)